Contact Essay -- essays research papers

b) Why are astronomers apply radio telescopes looking for far stars instead of a telescope?      First of all, what is a radio telescope? The prototypic non-visual spectral region that was purposed extensively for astronomical observations was the radio frequency band. Telescopes observing at these wavelengths are commonly called radio telescopes. Radio telescopes may be made much larger than optical/infrared telescopes because the wavelengths of radio waves are much longer than wavelengths of optical light. A rule of thumb is that the reflecting surface must(prenominal) not have irregularities larger than about 1/5 the wavelength of light that is being focused. By that criterion a radio telescope is several atomic number 6 thousand multiplication easier to figure than an optical telescope of the same sizeIn the movie "Contact," astronomer Ellie Arro federal agency, played by actress Jodie Foster, searches for signs of extraterrestrial life using mas sive, Earth-bound radio telescopes. Much of Contacts scientific intrigue, based on Carl Sagans 1985 bestseller, unfolds at two National Science Foundation-supported radio astronomy facilities where real-life astronomical mysteries continue to be probed. Scientists use the government-supported telescopes to detect radio waves not from distant civilizations but from planets, stars, galaxies and other objects in space. Radio observations extend astronomers reach into space and succession, letting them "see" through throttle valve and dust in space to detect celestial objects whose visible light cannot be seen from Earth. In "Contact," Foster hears the first guttural, throbbing message transmitted by other-worldly life using the worlds most powerful radio telescope, the Very Large Array in Socorro, New Mexico, a collection of 27 antennas spread in a three-armed configuration across the desert. NSFs National Radio Astronomy Observatory runs the great dishes, which Fost er manipulates in the film from her laptop computer desire a high-tech, movable Stonehenge, in reality. Electronically linked to simulate a single radio telescope up to 20 miles in diameter, the antennas can be bunched together or moved apart along railroad tracks into different configurations. About 700 astronomers visit the VLA each year to observe the universe. In "Contact," Foster gets her scientific start at another NSF-supported facility, the... ... fastest moving man made objects in the process. If those same probes were to be launched to the stars, however, they would take thousands of years to reach them The distances to the stars are huge So huge, in fact, that the light from the nearest star to the Sun, a triple star system known as Alpha, Beta and Proxima Centauri, takes over four and a quarter years to get here. Since, according to special relativity, nothing in the universe can travel faster than the speed of light, it would seem that travel times with even t he most advanced starships are going to be extremely long indeed.     There are also highly exotic ideas, which lie on the tantalizing fringes of modern theoretical physics. If the universe is a multidimensional place with human beings only able to perceive three dimensions, perhaps a way can be found to shortcut through the higher dimensions. These so-called wormholes are currently having their mathematics calculated by the theorists but if they can be use for travel then perhaps the entire universe will become accessible to us. Traveling to different planets may take no more time than traveling to different countries does now

jack landon :: essays research papers fc

The idea of peaceful rebellion through nature is the basis for many books. Kipling was one of the first one to do it through many of his novels, but Jack London got a lot deeper into that concept. He was born in 1876 in San Francisco, an illegitimate child born to a single woman, but his mother did marry a man named John London, and named her son John London. This family moved a lot, but ended up in San Francisco again where John London, now known as Jack London worked in the bay patrol. Jack was one of the first ones to go to Alaska in the conviction of gold rush, he did not get rich with gold, but he recorded the Alaskan life and put it in his books. The series of books about Alaskan life are almost of his most known plant life, such as "The Son of the Wolf" and White Fang, in which Jack London portrays the similar themes of the potent life in Alaska, the learning experience of men and animals, and the lifelong fight for survival. Oh what a hard life it was in Alaska. B ut why would anyone go at that place if it was so hard, one might ask. (Glass, 529)Well it was the gold rush of eighteen ninety eight, many looked north for a way to get rich easy, some looked for adventures, but there were not many of those. Jack London portrays the hard lives of the adventurers who went to the Klondike River valley for gold, but got a lot more than they burgeoned for. In one of the stories, from a collection called "The Son of the Wolf", Jack London described a mad hunt for gold. A person enters the yet innocent soil, near a stream, and as soon as he does, starts digging hungrily for gold. He finds some, but not even enough to keep, so he throws it away. He works without food for many hours, so engulfed by his task, that he doesnt even see that its dark. This continues for several days, until he finds a lot of gold, by then the valley looks parameter a minefield. While digging he is shot in the back by a thief, but so overtaken by greed, he manages to be at his bravo down and kill him. And whats ironic, he wouldnt even touch a deer, but as his treasure is threatened to be taken away from him, he kills a person.

Transit Oriented Development Essay -- Urban Trasportation Essays

Transit Oriented DevelopmentIntroduction polity makers across the country are focusing on numerous ways to storm sprawl throughout the United States. New movements, such as stark naked urbanism, have come to the forefront in this fight. This survey is looking into a new concept in the fight on sprawl, called Transit-oriented development or TOD. Although this new tool to fight sprawl is rapidly seemly a popular method, it is put away a new concept and needs to be studied further. This review will provide insight into the historical emphasize of this developing idea, look at case studies of how this new strategy has worked and failed so far, and provide a glimpse into what the future holds for this novel concept.Transit-oriented Design ObjectivesTransit-oriented development is defined as the creation of compact, walkable communities come to around train systems. TODs mix residential, retail, office, open space, and public uses in a walkable environment, making it convenient for residents and employees to travel by wipe, bicycle, foot, or car (2). Like stuffy development around transit stations, TOD aims to increase transit ridership. However, unlike conventional development around a transit station, TOD plans are base on goals of improving transportation options, creating walkable communities, as well as improving neighborhood cohesion, social diversity, conservation, public safety, and community revitalization (3). TOD design principles chink elements that are intended to achieve these social, neighborhoods, regional, and transportation goals. If all of these goals are met development will become focused on high-density areas kinda of a centrifugal developmental process. Transit-oriented develop... ...ng our natural and cultural landscapes from uncontrolled development.Works Cited 1. Barton, Michael and Charles, John A. The Mythical World of Transit-Oriented Development Light Rail and the Orenco Neighborhood, Hillsboro, Oregon. Casca de Policy Institute (2003). 2. Calthorpe, Peter. The Next American Metropolis Ecology, Community, and the American Dream. New York Princeton Architectural Press (1993). 3. Cervero, Robert. Rail Transit and Joint Development Land Market Impacts in Washington, D.C. and Atlanta. APA Journal 60 (Winter 1994) 83-94. 4. Cort, Cheryl and bloody shame Gute. Building Healthier Neighborhoods with Metrorail Improving Joint Development Opportunities. A Chesapeake Bay Foundation Report (2001).5. Menotti, Val Joseph. The New Transit town Best Practices in Transit-Oriented Development. APA 71 (Winter 2005) pg. 111 Transit Oriented Development Essay -- Urban Trasportation EssaysTransit Oriented DevelopmentIntroductionPolicy makers across the country are focusing on numerous ways to combat sprawl throughout the United States. New movements, such as new urbanism, have come to the forefront in this fight. This review is looking into a new concept in the fight on sprawl, call ed Transit-oriented development or TOD. Although this new tool to fight sprawl is rapidly becoming a popular method, it is still a new concept and needs to be studied further. This review will provide insight into the historical background of this developing idea, look at case studies of how this new strategy has worked and failed so far, and provide a glimpse into what the future holds for this novel concept.Transit-oriented Design ObjectivesTransit-oriented development is defined as the creation of compact, walkable communities centered around train systems. TODs mix residential, retail, office, open space, and public uses in a walkable environment, making it convenient for residents and employees to travel by transit, bicycle, foot, or car (2). Like conventional development around transit stations, TOD aims to increase transit ridership. However, unlike conventional development around a transit station, TOD plans are based on goals of improving transportation options, creatin g walkable communities, as well as improving neighborhood cohesion, social diversity, conservation, public safety, and community revitalization (3). TOD design principles contain elements that are intended to achieve these social, neighborhoods, regional, and transportation goals. If all of these goals are met development will become focused on high-density areas instead of a centrifugal developmental process. Transit-oriented develop... ...ng our natural and cultural landscapes from uncontrolled development.Works Cited 1. Barton, Michael and Charles, John A. The Mythical World of Transit-Oriented Development Light Rail and the Orenco Neighborhood, Hillsboro, Oregon. Cascade Policy Institute (2003). 2. Calthorpe, Peter. The Next American Metropolis Ecology, Community, and the American Dream. New York Princeton Architectural Press (1993). 3. Cervero, Robert. Rail Transit and Joint Development Land Market Impacts in Washington, D.C. and Atlanta. APA Journal 60 (Winter 199 4) 83-94. 4. Cort, Cheryl and Mary Gute. Building Healthier Neighborhoods with Metrorail Improving Joint Development Opportunities. A Chesapeake Bay Foundation Report (2001).5. Menotti, Val Joseph. The New Transit Town Best Practices in Transit-Oriented Development. APA 71 (Winter 2005) pg. 111

Resonance :: essays research papers fc

sonorousnessRESONANCE " The property whereby any vibratory system responds with maximumbounty to an applied force having the a frequency equal to its own."In english, this means that any solid object that is struck with a soundwave of equal sound wave vibrations will amplitude the given tone. This wouldexplain the reason why some singers are able to break wine glasses with theirvoice. The vibrations build up enough to shatter the glass. This is calledRESONANCE.Resonance can be observed on a tube with one end open. Musical tones can beproduces by vibrating columns of air. When air is blown crossways the top of theopen end of a tube, a wave compression passes along the tube. When it reachesthe closed end, it is reflected. The molecules of reflected air meet themolecules of oncoming air forming a guest at the closed end. When the airreaches the open end, the reflected compression wave becomes a rarefaction. Itbounces back through the tube to the closed end, where it is refle cted. the wavehas now completed a single cycle. It has passed through the tube four timesmaking the closed tube, one fourth the length of a sound wave. By a constantsound frequency, standing waves are produced in the tube. This creates a sublimatetone.We can use this knowledge of one fourth wavelength to create our owndemonstration. It does not sole(prenominal) have to be done using wind, but can also bedemonstrated using tuning forks. If the frequency of the tuning forks is known,then v=f(wavelength) can find you the length of your air column.Using a tuning fork of frequency 512 c/s, and the speed of sound is332+0.6T m/s, temperature being, 22 degrees, rest into the formula.Calculate 1/4 wavelengthV=f(wavelength)wavelength=V/f=345.2 (m/s) / 512 (c/s)=0.674 m/c1/4 wave. =0.674 (m/c) / 4= 0.168 m/cTherefore the pure tone of a tuning fork with frequency 512 c/s in a temperatureof 22 degrees would be 16.8 cm. The pure tone is C.If this was done with another(prenominal) tuning fork s with frequencies of 480, 426.7,384, 341.3, 320, 288, and 256 c/s then a scale in the key of C would be produced.There are many applications of this in nature. integrity example of this would bethe human voice. Our vocal chords create sound waves with a given frequency,just like the tuning fork.One of the first applications of the wind factor was done in ancientGreece where the pipes of pan were created.

Michael Moores Bowling for Columbine Essay -- Films Movies Michael Mo

Michael Moores Bowling for Columbine In Bowling for Columbine, Michael Moore, an award winning writer and director takes a look at whatsoever of the many social problems that plague America to this day. Moore starts his documentary by briefly talking about the Columbine High schoolhouse shooting and then moves on to discuss things that may have truly been a factor in some the aggression that the two students so aggressively took out on their peers. many an(prenominal) issues are talked about in this movie including but not limited to The Oklahoma City bombing, the presence of a leading tactical weapons provider set near the small town of Littleton, and many others. Not all of the things brought up in the look at directly relate to the incidents at Columbine High School but rather provide a broader idea on the state of America today. Issues of the white mans ever growing fear of the African-American are traced arse to the roots and then brought into ideas applicable to prese nt day. Along with such ideas, the main rank of this film is the influence of government and the media to instill fear in our pack as a whole. Moore is somewhat of an extremist but brings his points to the surface in a way that people can relate with and understand. After seeing this film I walked out of the movie theatre feeling more enlightened on some of the political topics at hand in this country and I agree wholly with what Mr. Moore has to say on these issues.Michael Moore, as mentioned before, is a controversial writer/director that aims at bringing topics to light that are either unnoted or ignored by the American people. He has previously released films that bring to light, the corporate leaders of America and their ability to get away with just ab... ...e line of sarcasm that he presents his views, it almost brings about a sense of seriousness, as you know that what he said is in a sense somewhat preposterous but not laughable. When something like that is prese nted the only thing left for you to do is to think about what is being said. Moore is an influential person that knows how to deliver a point and when he has said what he has to say you will sit back and ponder his ideas for sometimes days, if not weeks. Moore takes a film that would seem to focus on one particular incident and broaden it to the problems that plague America as a whole today. This film was one of the most thought provoking insightful pieces of work that I have seen in a long time.SourceBowling For Columbine. Michael Moore, Charles Bishop & Charles Donovan. Theatre Film. United Artists, Alliance Atlantis, and Dog Eat Dog Films, 2002.

Michael Moores Bowling for Columbine Essay -- Films Movies Michael Mo

Michael Moores Bowling for Columbine In Bowling for Columbine, Michael Moore, an award winning writer and manager takes a look at some of the many social problems that plague America to this day. Moore starts his documentary by briefly talking about the Columbine proud School shooting and then moves on to discuss things that may have truly been a factor in some the aggression that the two students so aggressively took out on their peers. Many issues are talked about in this movie including but not limited to The Oklahoma City bombing, the presence of a leading tactical weapons provider located near the small town of Littleton, and many others. Not all of the things brought up in the film directly concern to the incidents at Columbine High School but rather provide a broader idea on the state of America today. Issues of the white mans ever festering fear of the Afri croup-American are traced back to the roots and then brought into ideas applicable to present day. Along with s uch ideas, the main point of this film is the influence of government and the media to instill fear in our people as a whole. Moore is somewhat of an extremist but brings his points to the surface in a way that people can relate with and understand. After seeing this film I walked out of the movie theatre feeling more enlightened on some of the political topics at hand in this country and I agree wholly with what Mr. Moore has to say on these issues.Michael Moore, as menti aned before, is a controversial writer/director that aims at legal transfer topics to light that are either overlooked or ignored by the American people. He has previously released films that bring to light, the corporate leaders of America and their efficiency to get away with just ab... ...e tone of sarcasm that he presents his views, it almost brings about a sense of seriousness, as you know that what he said is in a sense somewhat amusing but not laughable. When something like that is presented the onl y thing left for you to do is to think about what is being said. Moore is an important person that knows how to deliver a point and when he has said what he has to say you will sit back and ponder his ideas for sometimes days, if not weeks. Moore takes a film that would seem to focus on one particular incident and broaden it to the problems that plague America as a whole today. This film was one of the most thought provoking insightful pieces of work that I have seen in a long time.SourceBowling For Columbine. Michael Moore, Charles Bishop & Charles Donovan. Theatre Film. United Artists, adherence Atlantis, and Dog Eat Dog Films, 2002.

Meaning of Irish Place Names and Surnames

A little bit about the history of Irish place names. It may come as a surprise, but only a small portion of names comes directly from English actors line. The big majority of names hither are anglicisations of Irish (Gaeilge) names and few names come from Old Norse. The name of Ireland itself comes from the Gaeilge name Eire, added to the Germanic word land. In mythology, Eire was an Irish goddess of the land and of sovereignty. My dandy? s surname is Doyle, the twelfth most common surname in Ireland.Now we know that the statement that the name is derived form the Irish word Doibh (meaning dark, gloomy, melancholy) outhouse be disregarded as it is generally accepted that the correct derivation is dhubh-ghall, meaning Norse invader or dark foreigner. Its variations in English are Doyelle, Doyley, MacDowell or O Dubhghaill in Irish. One of my best friend ? s surname is Ruane. It is an anglicized form of the Old Gaelic _ORuadhain_, which translates as the descendant of the red car dinal.We dont know whether Ruadhan (red) refers to complexion of skin or red hair, or to some event relating to the abilities as a warrior but it is a descriptive nickname from the pre-medieval period. I have to note here that my friend Aidan is neither ginger nor a warrior. Overall, all I have to admit is that I had groovy fun discovering facts about origin of Irish place names and surnames. I have a better understanding about the importance of Irish language and the heritage it brings.I got to know Irish history better and will definitely keep eyes open even more next cartridge holder when travelling around Ireland. References The net income surname database www. surnamedb. com The internet Library database www. libraryireland. com The internet place names database www. logainm. ie The internet database to find Irish roots www. youririshroots. com The internet Irish friend www. dochara. ie The internet Learn Irish http//talkirish. com/ The Irish times www. irishtimes. co m

Underlying Trend Rate of Growth

Explain the term rudimentary dash rate of growth and the factors determining this rate. The underlying trend rate of growth represents a curve which shows the one-year potential growth maximum that can be achieved with all available resources. An economy moldiness target to increase this rate of growth and also actualize it. If the economy grows higher than this rate it will experience inflation. If lower it still has the capacity to grow. The trend rate of growth for an economy also represents the aggregate supply in the long run. The production opening frontier also represents virtually more or less the same thing.There are various factors that determine long run aggregate supply. One considerable factor is the level of investment in an economy. investment is vital as it is the back bone of economy. It enhances an economy by building more facilities and providing infrastructure to further develop and produce more, both in footing of quality and quantity. The higher the level o f investment the higher the increase in capacity terms what an economy is able to produce. This is the growth that is in the nations stock of capital. New capital embodies technological advancements which leads to higher levels of productivity.The trend rate of growth is also determined by the trend growth of the working race of an economy. This is the trend of supply in the labour market. When the size of the working population increases it increases the potential working capacity of the economy. The magnitude of change in production production will reflect upon the level of labour/capital intensiveness in the economy. If the government can successfully increase the number of people of working develop the trend rate of growth will increase. The trend rate of growth of factor productivity is a measure of gains in factor efficiency.For most countries it is the annual rate of growth of productivity that drives the long-term rate of economic growth. But of more interest and importan ce is where gains in productivity come from. The macroeconomic data on productivity is simply the aggregation of productivity performance at a microeconomic level throughout every industry and market in the economy. Technological improvements which reduce the real costs of supplying goods and services and which lead to an outward shift in a countrys production possibility frontier

How to hack crack email account password Essay

Email Password Hacking or cracking is the process of recovering passwords from data that has been stored in or communicable by a computer system.The use of passwords goes back to ancient times. Sentries guarding a location would challenge for a password or watchword. We Know how to defeat sentries or bypass them.Records of Email Records of Instant Messages and Chatroom Conversations MSN Messenger Yahoo Messenger ICQ AOL Instant Messenger Plus various chat roomsRecords of Web Sites Visited uniform resource locator visited Date and Time the web page was first viewedScreenshots from the targeted computerAnd MUCH MOREIve been suspecting my husband has been having an internet affair for 4 years now. afterwards using your secrets I discovered he has been having numerous online relationships with many women He even had the photos stored on his email Michelle S, Birmingham, AL(its a comment from one of our client) many a(prenominal) passwords can be guessed either by humans or by sophist icated crackingprograms armed with dictionaries and the users personal information.If still cant get the password you are looking for then turn tous, rest we will do and find/hack/legitimate/recover that password for precisely 150$ and you need to pay only after when you are satisfied.In one survey of MySpace passwords which had been phished, 3.8 percent of passwords were a single word found in a dictionary, and another 12 percent were a word plus a final digit two-thirds of the time that digit was 1

Business Strategy Chapter Essay

In the specific instance of the car industry in the 1960s and 1970s, Western producers were operating(a) with a relatively high live base comp bed with Japanese entrants from what was accordingly a inexpensive producer nation. The result was that the Japanese did not face markedly higher quality competition, but they could pronto compete on footing. Trading up through and through thoroughf ars 2 and 3, as the Japanese did, is an interesting phenomenon. Why did the market leading not respond? Was this tot everyy a fare of the Japanese cost structure? Was it to do with the speed of innovation in Japanese unbend commensurates?Or the inertia of existing market leaders? Entering through route 5 and moving elsewhere is discussed explicitly at the end of section 5. 3. 4. As is pointed out there, this entails a lowering of impairment, and thusly cost, while maintaining contrastiveiating features. It withal means moving from a foc apply approach to a less focused approach. Neithe r of these yarn-dyes is easy, usually because the competences of the firm nurse engender attuned to more focus and less emphasis on cost but also because the market whitethorn well regard much(prenominal) a firm as segment specific and therefore be wary of such a move.Nissan was driven into position 8 from which it geted to re-position.. For example, if it tried to move to the loanblend position tell apart but at lower prices (and, therefore, lower cost) this requires the organisation to be very clear about the critical victor factors with consumers, and the competences required to part with these features. Illustration 5. 2 The no frills dodging easyJet is a good example of a no frills scheme. The hesitancys require students to consider the understructure of such a strategy and also the limit to which it is imitable. Many of these ar laid out in the parable.Cl previous(predicate) easyJets strategy is not based on its beingness 78 Pearson culture Limited 200 5 teachers manual lowest cost in the marketplace if this is dependent on market make do in the boilers suit market for air travel. There are obviously some other bigger players. The more relevant comparison, however, is by market segment. To what extent is the early entry of easyJet into the cypher travel segment and its establishing of a substantial market share sufficient background, in itself, to achieve lowest cost? Could actual and potential competitors, seeing the success of easyJet, imitate and overtake it in delivering such services?Does easyJets come across in all this, and its undoubted entrepreneurial culture, provide prevailing advantage? Certainly British Airship stackal found it uncomfortable to compete with its GO Operation, and decided this was better sold off. But other competitors such as Ryanair and BMIBaby had entered the market and engaged in approximative price competition on virtually routes. So the keys to success were skilful pricing between route s, when people book and capacity fill. And what if the approximately experienced low-cost operator of all, South West Airlines in the US, decided to enter Europe? Illustration 5. 3Questionable bases of antitheticiation Question 1 challenges students to consider what would be appropriate bases of differentiation in the biscuit business. The principles outlined in (a), (b) and (c) whitethorn be applied (a) Who is the most important customer in strategic equipment casualty? Of course the end consumer is important, but strategically the retailer is vital. (b) The question then becomes What do retailers especially value in manufacturers of fast-moving consumer goods? Students may suggest, for example, branding, reliable and fast preservation of goods, advertising support, sharing of market and customer information, etc.If this is the case, then the differentiation strategy needs to be based around fulfilling such acquitations. (c) The question then becomes whether there are bases of sustainability here. Again this would take the discourse into issues of underlying competences and resources. For example, a strong brand image is difficult to imitate, but a logistics transcription may be much easier. Advertising support is common amongst fastmoving consumer goods companies, but it may be more difficult to establish close and trusting working relationships between the retailer and the manufacturer.Question 2 asks students whether the Australian wine illustration (5. 5) overcomes the shortcomings illustrated here. Arguably Value-for-money (a) has been correctly assessed in footing of the appropriate customers, since both the retailers and end users appreciate the benefits of Australian wine. 79 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructors Manual We know little about the research (b) undertaken that the benefits see to be real enough. The real question is whether the bases of advantage are sustainable (c). Comments on illustration 5. 5 address this. Illustra tion 5. 4The mark strategy The IKEA illustration shows how this business has palmyly followed a hybrid strategy, not only by keeping its costs down but also by finding a different way of operating from other retailers. Students may point out that this is a more likely way of being able to follow a hybrid strategy than manifestly cutting costs. They faculty point to other examples to make the point. For example Historically, supermarket retailing offered lower prices and a differentiated customer experience, but it was a fundamentally different way of retailing from that of traditional smaller high street shops.Arguably the more recent trend towards direct marketing of, for example, banking, insurance and travel (at to the lowest degree when it is done well) offers more convenience for customers, often at lower prices but once again this is a different way of trading than would conduct been traditional in such fields. Ask students to think of other examples of changes in wa ys of operating that allow for a hybrid strategy. A happy hybrid strategy also requires organisations to be clear about the competences underpinning their basis of differentiation, and then to reduce the costs in areas that do not critically underpin that basis of differentiation.By so doing they may be able to reduce cost below that of competitors without jeopardising their basis of differentiation. Illustration 5. 5 Differentiation This illustration provides the opportunity to bring together tercet different perspectives on differentiation a customer-based perspective, a market gap perspective, and a competence/resource-based perspective. The illustration tends to emphasise the first two. It suggests that Australian wines are successful because customers are looking for simplicity and consistency, and find French wine, for example, neither simple to understand nor consistent in quality.Moreover, the traditional approach of French wine producers has exacerbated the paradox and t herefore provided a market gap. 80 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructors Manual The example should promote discussion about whether there are any other reasons for the success of Australian wine. Arguably there are if a resource-based view is taken a reason for success might be the application of more advanced scientific techniques in the Australian wine industry as a means of catching up with old universe of discourse wine producers.The success of this is indicated by the fact that French producers are now trying to imitate Australian wine-producing techniques. Arguably this is capable of being copied or imitated by the French, therefore. However, the French industry remains very fragmented with traditional ways of doing things so the question is to what extent current ways of wine production are likely to be adopted within such a traditional approach. Illustration 5. 6 Lock-in Using the criteria in sections 5. 4. 2 and 5. 4. 3, the table below summarises the ways in which Dolby and Visa attempt to sustain rivalrous advantage.Basis of sustainability Difficulties of imitation Complexity Causal ambiguity Culturally embedded Imperfect mobility Intangible assets reverse costs Co-specialisation Lock-in Dominance Early setting of standards Self re-inforcing escalation Rigorous preservation Dolby has a dominant position Set standards early Showed that this was possible Visa share dominant position with MasterCard Standards were set early Dominance built this way historically Dolby has well-established brand and reputation Dolby has established a reliance by users in its systems Brand is still strong Large penalties for retailer exit Complex bases of licensing and No longer complex patent protection Basis of relationship pretend in Most competitors have now networks imitated Dolby has long-established ways of Possibly still an advantage doing things Dolby Visa Joint development with licences Joint development part of the system Rigorous poli cy of conformity to Large penalties for change in standards brand by retailer 81 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructors Manual The comparison is a stark one. It should lead students to conclude that Visa is protecting its dominant position at any costs the market-based advantages are actually being eroded. In contrast Dolbys dominant position is probably still based on a truly differentiated position from competitors. Illustration 5. 7Competition and collaborationism This illustration allows students to test out the issues from section 5. 6 and exhibit 5. 5. This uses the five-forces model to classify the various ways in which collaboration might improve competitiveness. This can be done for each of the stakeholders involved in a collaborative arrangement. For example, in illustration 5. 7 the potential benefits of collaboration to an various(prenominal) (small) creative sector business are Knowledge sharing with other businesses Knowledge transfer from universities Inf rastructure, services and business know-how support Funding Swapping/sharing skipper/creative staffAgainst this needs to be weighed the risks Commercial exclusivity (patents, copyright) Stifled creative process (conformity to get money/ jock ) Illustration 5. 8 Key meditate To be different or the same? The emphasis on conformity in institutional theory (see also section 4. 5. 2) provides a useful restitution to the perspectives favouring differentiation, as in this chapter and in the resource based view, introduced in chapter 3. It is worth pushing students to consider just how much real differentiation companies actually use. Students may well vary in responding to the questions. With regard to universities, in the UK at least but to a large extent internationally as well, there does seem to be increasing homogeneity.Universities are converging in terms of degree length, subject matter, teaching methods and accommodation and student support. In the UK, this is attributable to governing bread and butter and regulation, but also relates both to students risk averseness with regard to a large, uncertain and hard-to-reverse investment and to their 82 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructors Manual want for international mobility during degrees and portability of qualifications afterwards (note European Union pressures). In the MBA market, the EQUIS and AMBA standards, and the Financial Times rankings, also provide strong pressures for conformity. All this conforms to institutionalist expectations.Car manufacturers do appear to be more differentiated, with a wide variety in brands and images. However, under the surface there are strong pressure too for conformity. These come from government sentry go and environmental regulators and suppliers of key components, as well as from the desire to reap economies of scale through sharing platforms. identification 5. 1 Understanding competitive strategies appointee 5. 1 requires students to give examples of or ganisations according to the routes identified in exhibit 5. 2 in the text, and to explain reasons for doing this. For example Route 1, the low price, low added value route is often overlooked. There are successful organisations following such a strategy.For example, the grocery retail outlet Netto is cited in the text, and easyJet is provided as an illustration of a no frills, low price service. As markets open up, new entrants may choose to follow this strategic route. Route 2 is the low price strategy. It is often followed by small businesses competing against larger companies. They use their lower cost base to provide products or services that are very similar to those of the large organisations, but at a lower price. Route 3 The Japanese in the car industry (illustration 5. 1) had used their cost advantages not only to deliver low price but also to re-invest in high quality and reliability. In more respects they were following route 3 or much of the 1980s and early 1990s. IKE A is some other example (see illustration 5. 4) of an organisation successfully combining both low prices and perceived added value to the customer. Route 4 is a broad differentiation strategy the sort of strategy followed by a company such as Kelloggs in seeking to provide quality in terms of product, delivery, service, brand image, market support and product development superior to those of competitors. Other organisations claim to be following a differentiation strategy, but the bases of differentiation in terms of added value to the customer may not be clear. Firms may claim to be different but on a spurious basis (see illustration 5. ), for example. Route 5 is focused differentiation examples of this might be a focus on clear demographic groups. For example, Saga specialises in insurance and holidays for the over-50s (see illustration 2. 8) fashion retailers and manufacturers seek to 83 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructors Manual identify customers with particular tastes in fashion industrial product companies may focus on particular industries or particular process needs. Assignment 5. 2 Clarity of competitive strategy Assignment 5. 2 may revoke questions about the clarity of competitive strategies. The sort of issues which may be surfaced are these. For most of its existence M&S was successful because it provided a clear differentiated offering for a mass market and arguably this was also the basis of Barclaycards success. But both organisations now face competition that has eroded such advantages, and they are finding it difficult to recover a position of differentiation across a broad market. The difficulty they face is how they might reposition themselves in a more focused way (focused differentiation) without reducing their market potential. They are also reluctant to be associated with a strategy of reduced prices, not of necessity because of their inability to drive down costs but more, perhaps, because of their concern that it mig ht damage their market image. This raises questions about the viability of hybrid strategy.Arguably it is easier to move to a hybrid strategy from a low price strategy than it is from a non-price-based differentiation strategy the latter may be perceived as a lessening in quality. There may also be a useful debate here about whether cost reduction is a viable competitive strategy. Recall that this is a strategy advocated by Michael Porter. Many organisations claim to concentrate on cost reduction as a strategy. The problem is that cost levels are not, in themselves, visible in the marketplace. What matters is whether the cost base allows delivery of lower prices (which are visible) or the maintenance of higher profit margins than those of competitors.To do either, cost advantages have to be sustainable and sufficient to ensure that competitors cannot match them. This is no easy matter. It would not be for Marks & Spencer or for Barclaycard, for example. Assignment 5. 3 Differenti ation The blueprint of this assignment is to establish whether students are able to explain the concept of differentiation, not only in terms of being different or by citing the brilliance of route 4 in exhibit 5. 2, but quite a in terms of, for example That differentiation means both providing products or services determine by customers/users, and doing this in ways that are difficult to imitate. 84 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructors Manual This is likely to be achieved by create on core competences of the organisation. However, the more perceptive students may point out that this is difficult to achieve and difficult to manage. So organisations may not be able to create bases of nonimitability readily. For other organisations differentiation may be achieved by being flexible or faster to respond in markets than competitors, but that this, too, is a function of the culture of the organisation. Students should therefore be able to make linkages between the concepts an d differentiation explained in chapter 5 and linkages in the value chain (chapter 4) and organisational culture (chapter 5).Overall, however, perhaps the most important basis of successful differentiation is the ability of an organisation to understand customer needs and what is valued by the customer better than competitors that there is a danger that differentiation is driven on technical grounds rather than by an awareness of customer needs. Assignment 5. 4 Competitive strategies in the unrestricted sector Care needs to be taken around terminology here, particularly because an explicit price mechanism may not exist in some public services. So, referring to exhibit 5. 2 in the text, in public services price may equate to unit cost since performance go out be judged against the input of resources to supply the service. Bearing this in mind, the routes can be described as follows Route 1, low cost/low value this is the effect that many claim has been inevitable with public spen ding cuts leading to the unattractive positioning of many public services as a service of last resort.Route 2 this is the real challenge for many public services, i. e. the need to maintain quality while achieving progressive efficiency gains and lower unit costs. It is what governments expect public sector services to achieve hence best value initiatives and the extensive use of benchmarking. Routes 4 and 5 are an alternative for some split of public services, and would be described as a centre of excellence strategy. Indeed in some parts of the NHS (e. g. specialist units in hospitals or some hospitals themselves) it is the strategy pursued by managers and clinicians as a way of retaining talent and increasing their resource base in the face of cuts in unit costs from government. Of course there is an argument from some critics that the reason why route 1 occurs rather than route 2 in mainstream public services is because routes 4 and 5 take away resources and funding to elite p arts (or geographical locations) of the service and jeopardise the resource base of more standard services. This has been called the twotier public service. 85 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructors Manual Assignment 5. 5 Sustainability The students should be encouraged to use the same principles of sustainability as were described in the exposition on illustration 5. 6. To take the examples of the organisations cited here students may be able to identify the following Ryanair is following a low price strategy the extent to which this is sustainable is very dependent on the way in which the low cost base is culturally embedded and maintained over time through a complex set of cost minimisation programmes and strategies.In fact, on the face of it, this may not be difficult to understand but the experience gained in so doing may make it difficult to imitate. Ryanair has also built a reputation amongst a loyal set of customers, and this may also be a sustainable benefit, provide d it is nurtured and not eroded. Thorntons has followed a differentiation strategy based on product features (ingredients, recipes, freshness), strong branding and packaging and control of its own outlets. Students should be asked to rate these features against the criteria for sustainability applied in illustration 5. 6. For example, can consumers really discern and measure freshness? Students should be encouraged to search for other examples in which they can provide explanations of sustainability, but also to question whether what they identify are truly sustainable bases. Assignment 5. 6 The limits of hypercompetitive strategies This assignment invites students to consider the extent to which the principles described in section 5. 5 on hypercompetition are relevant to only a few industries, or not at all. The conventional argument would be that sustainable competitive advantage is achievable provided the sort of factors that determine sustainability can be met. So, again, studen ts may wish to refer back to section 5. 4 for a discussion of the basis of sustainability.Students may readily identify some markets in which these factors do not appear to pertain. However, they may also identify others in which such factors simply should pertain, yet in which hypercompetition seems to prevail. For example, presumably hightechnology companies could claim the benefits of complexity, perhaps causal ambiguity, and potentially embedded competences as intangible assets and cospecialisation. Yet the evidence is that hypercompetition prevails in such industries. Students may therefore recognise that the explanations habituated in section 5. 5 i. e. that firms are able to overcome traditional bases of competitive advantage seem to hold certain heretofore when there may be apparent bases of sustainability.If this is so, to what extent 86 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructors Manual does it potentially apply to all industries? This is the claim made by Richard DA veni that we are moving into hypercompetitive times, and that the old principles of sustainability may not hold. Assignment 5. 7 Hypercompetition in context This assignment invites students to probe a particular industry that might not normally be associated with hypercompetition, to consider the extent to which the conditions of hypercompetition may be becoming more and more evident. Banking is given as an example here. Others could be accountancy, car manufacturing, insurance, etc.The main points that might be drawn out could include the extent to which cycles of competition seem to be speeding up, with shorter and shorter life cycles of products and services the difficulties of sustaining bases of advantage on price or differentiation the difficulties of sustaining first mover advantage or first entry into new markets as competitors find ways of overcoming or circumventing scale and experience curve benefits the difficulties of holding on to strongholds or reliance deep pocke ts in the face of strategies and tactical maneuver of erosion by competition the deliberate search by companies to attack the competitive position of competitors in markets that were once too gentlemanly to do so. Assignment 5. 8 Cooperation rather than competition Students should draw on the general principles explained in section 5. , which point to the circumstances in which cooperative strategies make sense. For example Buyer-seller collaboration is a key element of Formula 1, where manufacturers see motor racing as a way of developing their own technologies. Collaboration of buyers of pharmaceutical goods to growth buying power. There are many examples of competitors who collaborate to increase their market or competitive power. Not least is this the case in lobbying governments for changes 87 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructors Manual that facilitate entry and power in markets. This would be applicable within both the pharmaceutical and Formula 1 industries. Co- production with customers is beginning to happen in markets such as pharmaceuticals, where pharmaceutical firms faced with increased buying power are finding ways of working with government buying agencies and doctors to increase efficiency or reduce cost of treatment. Collaboration in Formula 1 also includes one team providing services for another (e. g. McLaren providing marketing services for Tyrrell) collaboration over shared suppliers (Jaguar, Benetton and Williams all use Michelin tyres and share data) and engineers and mechanics all know each other and informally help each other out in particular circumstances. Assignment 5. 9 Game theory The purpose of this assignment is to encourage students to read more extensively on the principles of game theory (e. g. by reading Dixit and Nalebuff in the key readings).Students should be encouraged to think through how some of the examples and situations discussed in that book (or other books on game theory) could be applied to issues o f competitive strategy of organisations. Specific references are made to sections of the Dixit and Nalebuff book in exhibits 5. 6 and 5. 7. Integrative assignment 5. 10 This assignment is designed to ensure that students see the connection between the issues of sustainable competitive advantage (sections 5. 4. 1 and 5. 4. 2) and the concept of core competences (section 3. 2. 3). It also makes a unless connection with the impact of IT on core competences, and hence on sustainable competitive advantage, as discussed in section 9. 3. 1. For example A low price strategy might be sustained by core competences in managing cost efficiency in the distribution chain.But this advantage could be finished by competitors who develop new IT-based business models selling directly to final consumers over the internet at much reduced prices (made possible by comfortably lower costs). Similarly a differentiation strategy might be underpinned by core competences such as professional knowledge. But this is undermined as customers expire to gain this knowledge themselves from the internet. So a new relationship needs to be forged with customers to take advantage of the professional knowledge. The relationship needs to move up a gear so that the more knowledgeable customer starts to seek advice rather than just information. 88 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructors Manual Integrative assignment 5. 11 This assignment requires students to apply the key requirements for lock-in (exhibit 5. 3) to an international development strategy (section 6. 3). Specifically students need to understand how that particular basis for an international strategy would be achieved in terms of both directions and methods of development (sections 7. 2 and 7. 3). Here are some points against the four bullet points of exhibit 5. 3 Size and market dominance. If this is to be achieved internationally it is necessary to understand the nature of the market in terms of the degree of globalisation that exists.So for globalised markets (like computer software) Microsoft has had to create coverage in all major markets of the world. In contrast, in less globalised markets lock-in could be achieved region-by-region. In these circumstances decisions on the sequence of market entry would need to be guided by the issues discussed in section 6. 3. A requirement for dominance would favour internal development of new markets and/or ruthless eruditeness of competitors to gain sufficient market share. First mover advantages. This clearly dictates the need for product development internally to be ahead of competitors. Alternatively if partners are used the relationships will need to be exclusive to deny competitors access. Reinforcement.The creation of an industry standard needs conditions to be created where it is in the interests of all competitors to adopt the standard rather than compete with it. Strategies of heavily funded product development may do this as competitors become unable to match the R&D spend. For international development it is clearly important to establish an international standard undermining regional differences. So the development method must reinforce the standard for example by creating registered users. Rigorous enforcement. This would have a strong influence on the choice of markets favouring those where legal protections of intellectual property are strong and respected. Similarly choice of partners is absolutely crucial again the idea of registered users might apply. Case exampleMadonna The reign of the queen of pop (notes prepared by Phyl Johnson, University of Strathclyde) This case study was chosen as a way of getting students to explore the principles of both sustainability and hypercompetition. It is useful to focus initially on the question of her sustained high profile and success as a performer over so many historic period. However, her recent success is questionable this allows for a focus on the long-term sustainability of strategies themselves and a debate as to viability hypercompetitive strategies. 89 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructors Manual The main points that might be emphasised are these in terms of the questions asked Question 1 The strategy pursued by Madonna can be explained both in terms of a generic competitive strategy and in terms of principles of hypercompetitive strategies. distinctly she has sought to differentiate herself throughout her career. This has taken different forms, as the case explains, but there has been an underlying theme of the independent woman throughout. What has varied has been the different contributions within this. Students could debate whether or not these have been pitched at particular market segments and in this sense represent focused differentiation or the extent to which they are simply tactical bases of differentiating herself from imitators and followers. Another interpretation would fit with explanations of hypercompetitive strategies. M any of the principles outlined in section 5. 5. 4 seem to apply.Each persona is temporary each one is very different from the last she seems to move on to a different image even while being successful in her last one they are not pointable changes they can be surprising, even shocking. Her latest persona as childrens author and eldritch follower challenges this in that it has in fact been sustained over a period and is far from shocking. At one stage in the press (June 2004) it was even reported she was changing her name to Esther as part of her Kabbalah faith. The Madonna case therefore illustrates that the idea of hypercompetition is not necessarily contradictory to the idea of generic basis of competition. It might be possible to be differentiated in a hypercompetitive way.Think about links to questions 2 and 3 here, that is, the most recent events allow for the questioning of the long-term sustainability of hypercompetition itself. Question 2 This question invites students to consider the basis of sustainability in this context. Students might wish to ask which principles of sustainability hold. They should see that a number do Madonna appears to have capabilities and competences (intangible assets) of innovation and flexibility. The pop industry has learned to work with her, and in this sense they have developed a mutual co-specialised addiction so it looks to promote her interests given her track record. Certainly it is difficult to predict where she will move next, or how she is successful (causal ambiguity). 90 Pearson Education Limited 2005Instructors Manual Question 3 This question invites students to question these bases of sustainability. The strategy does not seem to be vulnerable to others imitating it since it is difficult for them to understand or predict what they would be imitating. But students might argue that it is surely a risky strategy as she seeks to second-guess the nature of the market and make so many changes to her image. T hey are likely to argue that the risk is market acceptance. If so, how would they explain the continued success given so many changes over so many years? Has the formula for success run out of steam? And if so why? 91 Pearson Education Limited 2005

The Solutions of Energy Shortage in Pakistan

Energy Shortage like a shot is a global crisis for many countries in the world including Pakistan. Pakistan, one of the high rapid development developing countries instantly is in the worst cleverness crisis in its history (Kazmi, 2013). The high speed increasing of its economy and population absolutely demand a large force turn in, but the problem is that the storage of the si smart of the country now piece of tail hardly supply the substantial countrys might usage. As AOL news program said Car owns wait for hours to imbibe petrol and gas, cities and villages are lack of electricity for many hours per day, homes can hardly cook without gas.The situation is becoming to a greater extent and more serious in the whole country. Actually, Pakistans energy shortage crisis can be tracked back to the 1990s ( Kugelman, 2013) and in the 1970s, the energy crisis was averted at one time because of the Mangla and Tarbela dams. However, the strong economic growth needfully a large mou nt of energy no matter how indigenous energy resources do Pakistan have, it is hard to gratify the soared consumption of energy. For figuring out the good solutions of energy crisis in Pakistan, wed better to know the effects and causes of the crisis.It is very obviously to see that the impact of the energy crisis in Pakistan is terrible for almost everywhere during the country economic, educational, governmental and etc. As Chung (2013) mentioned, because the lack of electricity, numerous business and factories have to reduce 20 to 25% of their productivity, and the consequence of this can be really bad such as citizens are losing jobs, children are losing their education opportunities and factories are losing their foreign markets and clients, heretofore worse, it may precede economic slowdown or economic contr follow out on Pakistan.On the other hand, Pakistan relies on the compressed natural gas (CNG) most and this is an important cause that leads the energy shortage crisis directly on Pakistan. Because the population is increasing so fast, no matter how a lot gas the government has purchased in, its still hard to supply CNG for the whole country, also the negative impact of this is that theres a inflation on the price of CNG. Besides, according to Leung (2013), the government plays an important role in this crisis.The poor managements of the government makes a lot of problems in Pakistan such as the government realized the problem but it didnt take any action to solve the problem, the worse is, the government even made the problems worse. Government always spent money on wrong ways but not to throw the most of money on work out the energy crisis at last, it seems that government can plainly make a ration of energy and owe much more money, but this obviously cannot solve the problem and it will keep increasing burden on the citizens.Hence, for solving the serious energy shortage problem, what could be the possible solutions and what solutions can t ruly solve the problem permanently or temporarily? One thing now can be sure is that for solving the energy crisis, Pakistan will require political will, additional funding, and new power-generation sources etc. (Kugelman, 2013). One short-term solution as Kugelman (2013) pointed out that Pakistan could request a new loan from International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, except how much will this solution work, it seems that Pakistan now is not willing to get help from IMF at least(prenominal) after the springs elections.In other words, because of the possible political influence from IMF, its hard for Pakistan to get new fund from IMF as for now. It means even get loan from IMF is good solution in the additional fund way, its not a happy solution for the governments political will. However, actually for the Pakistans situation, even the government doesnt ask IMF for fund help, its still necessary and better to get economic help as soon as possible because even the government itself cannot pay all power bills.New fund can also help Pakistan to import more energy for supplying the demand for a while. Except the new fund, shifting the energy resource to another one is also a good solution for Pakistan. For this, sear energy seems like the best choice to instead of CNG for Pakistan. Considering Pakistans economy situation, like Ebrahim (2012) mentioned, many experts think coal is the alternative for Pakistan because Pakistan cannot afford to be romantic.Hydropower depends on water so its seasonally, crude is too expensive, only importing abundant coal is viable because coal is much more cheaper than oil and its non-seasonally. However, although coal energy is a long-term solution for Pakistan to solve the energy problem, it is also a long-term damage for the global environment (Chung, 2013). In this way, Pakistan needs to consider how to balance the solution of the current problem and the cause of the potential crisis in the future. Hopefully coal energy wont b e a dilemma for Pakistan in the future.Meanwhile, besides coal energy, another long-term solution for Pakistan now is to develop more sugar plants to supply electricity. According to Kazmi (2013), Pakistan has the potential to get electricity from sugar plants across the country especially in rural areas. Sugar mills only use low bagasse to heat boilers moreover, sugar can also produce ethanol for motor gasoline. This means, if Pakistan starts to use large sugar to be an energy row-material, then it will be helpful for Pakistan to contain oil imports and CNG (Kazmi, 2013).The advantages of sugar are obviously it can provide Pakistan another new chance to change the situation in a good way, and maybe the only problem for this solution for Pakistan is how to get more places for planting sugar. In general, like Kugelman (2013) mentioned, Pakistans energy problems are deep and daedal, and sometimes the crisis is not only just about Pakistan itself, other countries could be involved in the problems thus, for getting better understand of the problem and better solutions for the problem, we still need to find more information. However, as for now about Pakistan, the energy shortage crisis is becoming worse and worse.The impacts of the crisis are negative people in Pakistan now have a very hard and gainsay life, economy may suspend or even reverse, government can hardly control the situation etc. So far, due to Pakistans complex situation, sugar seems like the best solution for Pakistan to solve the problem, its cheap and easy to get, it can provide both gas and electricity energy for the whole country, and it can help government to balance the imports and the fund during the crisis. Hopefully, Pakistan could solve the energy shortage crisis and change its hard situation peacefully and quickly.

Review of Amelie

ReThe fabulous destiny of Amelie Poulain is a French film written and directed by Jean Pierre Jeunette and set in Montmartre. It is a eccentric description of contemporary Parisian life. This ro humantic comedy met with critical acclaim and was a box-office success. Amelie, aged 23, finds behind a loosen tile of her bathroom an obsolescent metal box of childhood memorabilia hidden by a boy who lived in her apartment decades earlier.Fascinated by this find, she resolves to track down the now adult man who placed it there and return it to him, making a promise to herself in the process if she finds him and it makes him happy, she will devote her life to bringing happiness to others. What she could not pretend is that while doing this she would meet a re each(prenominal)y special person, Nino, played Mathew Kassovitz. What makes this film totally different from the rest of romantic comedies, apart from Amelies eccentric bearing to life, is that it is set in an ideal Montmartre where certain colors predominate depending on how Amelie feels and.That creates a really special environment, making the spectator get deeply entangled in the story. This fast-moving film has so many details that I would dare to say that it is almost impossible to get them all but this way, watched carefully, theres always something new to find out about it. Not only is this an absolutely gripping film but also so moving that all lovers of romantic stories wont help being touched by the charming Amelie Poulain.

Ban on Assault Weapons

In todays society the topic of infract weapons have been very controversial. From mass shootings to defending oneself, this is a topic that can be very difficult to agree on. In this paper I go out be discussing if the federal politics should ban automatic weapons. In my opinion, assault weapons should non be banned. With this decision, I con spotr the implications of the second amendment, humanity safety, and the fact that weapons impart never cease to exist. With these reasons I go out explain to show that the federal government should non ban automatic weapons.One of the reasons I stand behind not allowing the federal government to ban automatic weapons because under the constitution, the Second Amendment states A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to occur and accommodate arms, shall not be infringed (Mount, Steve, 1995). Although this can be interpreted differently to other people, this amendment allows peop le of the United States to have an individual right to keep and bear arms. The people are allowed to be armed, if wanted.I believe it is an important part to consider when banning weapons because this is a part of our rights, and should not be taken away. The Bill of Rights was intentional to guarantee individual rights and freedoms. Once you take away a right that is in the constitution, there is no limit on the endless amount of things the government can then take away, including free speech, freedom of religion, and voting rights. So, not following this amendment for the sake of banning weapons does not only risk losing this freedom hardly also the other rights we as Americans should have.With not taking the second amendment into consideration and banning weapons anyways, people feel that public safety will increase. The opposing side would take this as one of their main reasons to ban weapons. I believe that public safety would not change. Crime will not go blast by banning w eapons since the majority of criminals have unregistered weapons. If we ban guns, criminals still will get a hold of them, unless we ban them worldwide, make gun do illegal, and destroy every single gun ever.Some of the strictest gun controlled states in the US have the highest crime rates, because normal people have less protection. Guns dont kill people, people choose to kill others. I believe that if people are able to have guns, they are able to protect themselves when in risk when there is no government, or police to protect them at that moment. People are less likely to attack or commit a robbery if they know that a victim is armed, or able to fight back. Citizens can not only protect themselves, but will feel at placidity knowing they are able to defend themselves when a situation calls for it.Public safety is important, and if the government cannot protect its citizens, then it is their obligated rights to do so themselves. Making a law banning assault weapons is somethi ng that is ideal for people who want to stop violent acts, or crimes that come from weapon use. But, there are always pros and cons to situations. Weapons will never cease to exist because if it is not an assault weapon it will be something else. Weapons have and will always evolve. Getting rid of weapons from the public will be a very difficult task.In conclusion, the federal government should not ban assault weapons. Banning assault weapons will not make them disappear. In order people to protect themselves, their property, and their own families it is a legitimate right of the citizens to own weapons. As citizens we have the constitutional right to keep and bear arms. These rights were do for the people and should not be interfered with. Public safety should not only be contingent upon assault weapon use but the actual public itself.Weapons will never cease to exist because today, the majority of cases involving firearms used are not legally bought or even registered, but are sm uggled or stolen. There has not been much progression at the federal level regardless of nationwide news coverage on the recent mass killings, and not a lot of detail of what will happen in the future of a law that will ban weapons. In my opinion weapons should not be banned, because in reality this nation is not a harmless environment, and to be defenseless in a needed time is not a beloved situation.

Heritage assessment Essay

Kizlik 2014 argues that the purpose of a instruction objective is to communicate, and that a well-constructed behavioral learning objective should have little room for doubt about what is intended. Health professionals in designing educational programs to engage both uncomplainings as well as families, should be able to taper the task or objective to the specific patient and their family for them to be able to explain what you taught them and for them to be able to demonstrate it. On the Euromed Info website, on Developing Learning Objectives. Retrieved from http//www.euromedinfo.eu/ evolution-learning-objectives.html/ n.d. state that a simple and practical way of developing learning objectives is to start with the words, WHO, DOES WHAT, HOW and WHEN. For the purpose of this exercise the learning objective will be for the patient and the family to be able to change an ostomy hold in a patient with a newly formed colostomy. It is all important(predicate) to find out from the patie nt and the family which learning styles work for them, example whether reading of pamphlets, wiz on one teaching or visual aids. Also the condition or ability of the patient to perform the task, e.g. is the patient strong and well enough to perform the task or are they too weak from creation ill. In using the learning objectives cited above,WHO- will be the patient and familyDOES- list the components neededWHAT-changing a stoma luluHOW by performing task or stating how toWHEN- by dischargeThe Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations JCAHO as cited on the Euromed Info website on Family Structure and Style, retrieved from http//www.euromedinfo.eu/family-structure-and-style.html/ defines the family as the person or persons who romp a significant role in the individuals life including persons not legally link to the individual. How a family functions influences the health of its members as well as how the individual reacts to illness retrieved from http//www.e uromedinfo.eu/family-structure-and-style.html . In the light of this , having the family pull in the rationale behind the treatment and steps on how to help the patient change this stoma bag will assist thepatient to be more confident in changing their stoma bag and also in dealing and coping with this new health change.REFERENCEShttp//www.adprima.com/objectives.htmhttp//www.euromedinfo.eu/developing-learning-objectives.html/ http//www.euromedinfo.eu/family-structure-and-style.htm

The Scarlet Letter Study Guide

Transcendentalism was a religious and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century that was dedicated to the belief that divinity manifests itself everywhere, particularly in the natural world. It also advocated a personalized, have relationship with the divine in place of formalized, structured religion. This second transcendental idea is privileged in The Scarlet Letter. After marrying fellow transcendentalist Sophia Peabody in 1842, Hawthorne left Brook Farm and moved into the Old Manse, a home in Concord where Emerson had once lived.In 1846 he published Mosses from an Old Manse, a collection of essays and stories, some(prenominal) of which are about early the States. Mosses from an Old Manse earned Hawthorne the attention of the literary establishment because America was trying to establish a cultural independence to complement its political independence, and Hawthorns collection of stories displayed both a stylistic freshness and an interest in American subject matte r. Herman Melville, among others, hailed Hawthorne as the American Shakespeare. In 1845 Hawthorne over again went to work as a customs surveyor, this time, like the orator of The Scarlet Letter, at a interest in Salem.In 1850, after having lost the Job, he published The Scarlet Letter to enthusiastic, if not widespread, acclaim. His other study novels include The House of the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithered Romance (1852), and The Marble Faun (1860). In 1853 Hawthorns college friend Franklin Pierce, for whom he had written a campaign biography and who had since become president, appointed Hawthorne a United States consul. The writer spent the next 6 years in Europe. He died in 1864, a few years after returning to America.The majority of Hawthorns work takes Americas prude past as its subject, but The Scarlet Letter uses the material to greatest effect. The Puritans were a group of religious reformers who arrived in Massachusetts in the sass under the leadership of John Wint hrop (whose terminal is recounted in the novel). The religious sect was known for its intolerance of dissenting ideas and lifestyles. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne uses the repressive, authoritarian Puritan society as an analogue for clementkind in general. The Puritan setting also enables him to portray the human OLL under extreme pressures.Hester, Timescale, and Chlorinating, while unquestionably part of the Puritan society in which they live, also echo universal experiences. Hawthorne speaks specifically to American issues, but he circumvents the aesthetic and thematic limitations that might accompany such a focus. His universality and his dramatic flair have ensured his place in the literary canon. MORE abet Read No Fear The Scarlet Letter Buy the print The Scarlet Letter steatite on BAN. Com Buy the eBook of this Soapstone on BAN. Com Download the PDF of this Soapstone on BAN. Com

Kem Chicks Case Study

I. Time Context 1985 II. Viewpoint Bob Sadino, owner of Kem Group of melody III. Major insurance Statement Kem Chicks is the best gourmet lifestyle supermarket in the Kemang atomic number 18a that serves upper and middle cosmopolitan customers delighting the customers by means of better harvest calibre, delightful ambiance and display with depth of knowledge of specialty foods and products.IV. Statement of the ProblemHow get out the Kem Chicks expand its supermarket by its own enthr 1ment while sustaining its growing operations and without putting the quality of their products into a risk? V. Statement of ObjectivesLong-termTo maintain and develop a competitive position in the growing exertion To moldulate a strategy in order to take up economies scale for existing supermarkets. To occupy more(prenominal) than 1% of the supermarket space in Jakarta, Indonesia To increase the public aw arness of Kems goal to be the Meat hatful To become the market scater in the national ma rketShort-term To give excellent serve To improve go To establish a good rapport with the employees To provide goods or services that is cheap and affordable to consumers or the public To meet the trains of customers by constantly seeking and actin on their opinions regarding innovation, product quality, choice, store facilities and service VI. SWOT AnalysisStrengths (S) Weaknesses (W) Have valuable merciful Assets Good personnel focus Responds and caters the needs of immediate community. poke outs show clip quality meat products The organization is leading Have a harmonious relationship between employer and employees flexibleness (Bob Sadino doesnt consider any problems, beca engagement he is flexible) They lack marketing strategies Un go awayingness of Bob Sadino to know the significant details of the financial information about the fraternity Weak long-term strategic planning hassle with tot wholey over-the-counter communication Lack of internal control No particular designation of business organisation Opportunities (O) Threats (T) learning of rival firms Diversification of the business Expansion of the business Customers word of mouth Declining price of oil form in customers preferences Increasing in Bargaining Positions of the consumers, thus, resulting in the increased risks in capital expansion The investing risk is at high level Increasing competition Rising interest rates natural calamities Government regulations, rules and policiesVII. Alternative Courses of ActionThe Kem Chicks case study given the facts that the best altenative for them to expand is to engage in franchising. This has been soundly studied by groups of individuals for Kem Chicks existing problem. Therefore, thealternative courses of action will focus on the types of franchising alternatives.1. Product dissemination 2. Product licensing 3. Enter into a franchising agreement c entirelyed Entire blood Format franchising VIII. Analysis of Alternatives 1. Product Dis tributionIt is the simplest form of franchising contractual arrangement in which Kem Chicks as the franchisor offers the franchisee the right to market Kem Chicks products in an essendially unchanged introduce within a designated market bea. In return the franchisee would pay a fee to Kem Chicks AdvantagesDis avails Increase in exchanges volume of the parent company Will non cater development of KemChicks internal c encrypting thus it does not support the supermarket as a whole.2. Product Licensing Arrangement Under this term, the franchisee would be offered nearly the whole operation of the franchisor. The franchisee would have the right to manufacture or modify Kem Chicks in a current area of distribution to maintain its standard product and service quality. Kem Chicks would exert tight control over the manufacturing and selling process and set and control specification. In return, the franchisee would pay a royalty and other fees.Advantages Disadvantages either the franc hisor or franchisee or both can have more benefits Improve its quality control policies slump to manufacture or modify Kem Chicks in a certain area of distribution No effrontery of success Will pre-empt all important positions in the organization KemChics could lose control over the management of the business3. Enter into a franchising agreement called Entire Business Format franchising Under this arrangement, the franchisee would be an imitation of what the franchisor is. The franchisee would be offered the right to manufacture, to sell the product, to use the franchisors name of trademark and other symbols, management system, architecturedesign, and would be provided with supervision, a account system and management consultation. Kem Chicks would require certain initial fees, continuous fee based on sales (royalty), management fee, nurture and consultation fee, and a fee for design and reporting system. AdvantagesDisadvantagesKem Chicks will have full control of the business. Possibly have a chance to develop and to promote human resources Enables the franchisee to enter the sedulousness without know-how and hold up and it can hold out to them the chance of success while minimizing risks Security in the protection of the rights and property of the company Mistake of one franchisee will bear to the image of the companyIX. Decision StatementConsidering that the industry is reaching toward the peak of its growth phase, Kem Chicks faces tough competition with a limited choice of land and location. Also, an increase bargaining position on the part of the shopper, each element of the key success factors should therefore not be neglected. Since the profitability of the investment in a new outlet is highly dependent on the level of sales and cost, each of the success of this investment.Therefore, we concluded that the best alternative solution to the problem is a to enter into a franchising type called entire business format franchising because of the followin g reasons Franchisee operates exactly the same as franchisor because the entire franchise was provided by Kem Chicks. Kem Chicks will generate different types of income such as management fees, training fee, reporting system fee and other from the franchisee.The privacy of their field of expertise or specialty will be maintained by Kem Chicks on their own because under this type of franchise, Kem Chicks is the sole provider of all information and needs of the franchisee upon proper earnings. X. Implementation ProgramIn order to materialize the said recommendation and just analogous the real process in the world of franchise, Kem Chicks should 1. The franchise relationship is founded upon a contract, which should contain all the footing agreed upon. 2. The Kem Chicks must develop first a successful business format (the system), which is identified with a brand name, be it a trademark, service mark and/or trade name Kem Chicks must bulge out and set a period wherein they will trai n the franchisee in the operation of the system prior to the initiation of the business so that the franchisee is equipped to run the business effectively and successfully.Kem Chicks must also assist with the overting. 4. subsequently the business has opened, the franchisor must maintain a continuing business relationship with the franchisee to provide the franchisee with support in the operation of the business. 5. The franchisee is permitted, under the control of the franchisor, to operate under the branding and the business systems developed and owned by the franchisor and to benefit from the goodwill associated therewith. 6. The franchisee must bake a significant capital investment from own resources. XI. Proposed Business PoliciesManagement Generate periodic computer reports for management information, such as reports showing the sales income, cash balance, sale of shopping vouchers and issue of the gift coupons and refunds to customers Franchisee must pay initial fee and pe rcentage of salesThere should be a monthly regular meeting of the management and an annual regular meeting of the management with the franchisees with regards to update reports for the business Marketing Advertise supermarket through local newspapers, brochures/billboards/posters Advertise through local radio ad Offer discount coupon Can offer weekly sales discount Operations Open12-hours a daylightlight from Mondays to Sundays Tight security Inventory Control Acceptance of goodsTo enhance accountability, the supply credi devilrthy should be necessary to inspect and count goods/food items upon delivery against the quantity specified in the delivery note, cross-referencing the relevant secure orders if any, and to certify acceptance. There should be a procedure for staff to record defective or briefly delivered goods or food items and to follow up promptly with the supply department or the supplier direct. The types and quality of food or goods to be replenished directly by the concession counter staff should be correction to checks before sale. Random supervisory checks should be conducted on the quality and quantity of accepted food or goods, especially those of high value. Ordering and Delivering StockStandard requisition form, preferably in an electronic format to facilitate electronic data interchange between the operator and the supplier or sending of electronic fax, should be employ to provide an audit trail. The form should show details such as the description, quantity and place of commencement of the goods/food items required, the agreed price, the delivery address, the expected date of delivery, the name of the requesting person, and the approval authority as appriate.Phone orders should be confirmed in writing afterwards. Any deviations should be approved by the appropriate authorities. Extension of the lead time should be justified and approved by senior staff Over-deliveries or short-deliveries should normally not be accepted unless justi fied and authorized Suppliers performance in stock delivery should be appraised payConduct inventory Generate daily and periodical sales and receipt reports Cash Handling To hold on manipulation, the following control measures are recommended The guidelines on hadling of cash should set the maximum amount of cash hunt down per day for each store, the banking frequency, and the requirement for daily cash position reports Notes intervention procedures should specify, among others, the bank notes, to be tested using a money tester by a sales assistant and notes by a store supervisor CCTV with tape recordingfacilities could be installed to monitor cash handling at the sunder counters if necessary Responsible staff member at the appropriate level should be designated to conduct day-end atonement of electronic sales records against the cash in hand and to make spot checks on other operative activities daily at random Compliance with cash collection security requirements by staff re sponsible should be subject to supervisory and audit checksHandling of Credit Card informationBriefing sessions whitethorn be arranged for staff to raise their awareness of the criminality of such activities and the companys disciplinary action if such activities are discovered. Clear instructions should be given to staff on the handling of credit card transactions, e.g. requiring the handling staff to sign on the credit card payment slips to hold them accountable for the transactions hard-hitting security measures should be adopted to minimize the risk of information leakage, e.g. to keep the credit card payment slips in a secure place with restricted access. Staff should be informed of the channels for reporting approaches by criminal syndicates and incidents of suspected corrupt practicesInternal AuditSales and accounting operations should be subject to internal audit. Human Resources Employees prepare in 2 shifting schedules Conduct training for employees Bereavement LeaveAn excused paid absence seizure of up to 3 days for missed work time will be granted for purposes of arranging, be and resolving personal social functions with regard to a death in your immediate family. Your immediate family is defined as spouse, parents, grandparents, sons, daughters, sisters, brothers, stepparents, stepbrothers and stepsisters, mother-in-law and father-in-law. The company will also pay employees for time lost from work for up to one day for relatives beyond the definition of immediate family. The company may allow an unpaid leave of absence for up to two weeks to be taken in connection with the death of a relative or virtually friend. Such absences must have the prior approval of the employees supervisor and managementDress CodeProper attire is expected for all employees Employees who do not meet the standards for appropriate business atture should be counselled by their supervisors and may be sent home to change. It is the supervisors responsibility to ensure th at his or her staff presents a professional appearance.Equal troth OpportunityIt is the policy of Employer Name to provide equal opportunity in employment to qualified individuals regardless of race, color, reigion, age, sex, matrimonial status, national origin, ancestry, physical or mental disability, sexual orientation, genetic information, or any other legally protected class in accordance with all applicable laws.Inclement WeatherThe company maintains the policy of remaining open during bad weather, unless the severity of conditions and/or municipal or state government rulings close the office. If operations are canceled after a shift has started, hourly employees will be paid for the time worked, or two hours minimum, whichever is greaterMoonlightingOutside employement must not be engaged in during the employees regularly scheduled work hours. The use of the companys supplies, equipment, telephone, materials, and personnel is prohibited.Open Door PolicyThe management recogn ize the accumulation of unspoken, unanswered problems, complaints and questions. It is everyones advantage to bring these matters out in the open.OvertimeIt may be necessary at times to ask the employees to work beyond their regularly scheduled hours. Overtime will be paid at the rate of time and one-half the hourly rate for all hours worked in excess of 40 hours in any one week. With the exception of holiday pay, hours paid but not worked, such as personal itme, jury duty, disappointment pay, etc., will not be considered timeworked for the basis of computing overtime. The management will make every feat to distribute overtime fairly and equitably.The selection of who is to work is based primarily on the job experience and ability to handle the work that needs to be done, and on seniority, ones productivityand job performance. There is no guarantee of overtime work, and employee are cautioned to not become financially dependent upon it. Anyone working unauthorized overtime will be subject to discipline.Workplace Threas and ViolenceAny person who makes threats, exhibits threatening behaviour, or engages in cherry acts on company property shall be removed from the premises as quickly as preventive permits, and shall remain off company premises pending the outcome of an investigation. XII.Management Lessons Learned from the caseIn every company established, growth must be sought after. Big things come from small beginnings. Just like Kem Chicks, they may have earned income initially and started good yet Bob has never stopped expanding his business. We shall see not only whats inside our company but also whats happening outside. Almost all businesses have competitors competitors whom we need to compete with. Jakarta has a growing population which meant more demand. We cant just let our competitors benefit from them while we stay like the old times, watching our opponents beginning to rise up and then eventually stay at the same level we are in. Who can miss the need for a bookkeeper?Money, as one of the essentials in a business shall be handled properly. Accountants play a essential role in todays establishments. Its possible that a company may gain success even we have poor systems (as we have observed from Kem Chicks itself), yet we know that we cannot stay like that forever. Every organization shall be organizedthats why its called an organization. There shall be positions change with the right personnel, with the right ability. Employees potential shall be carefully studied and continually improved. People who work for us are indispensable. Without them, we may be limited.We shall care for them, the same way they care for us just like how Bob valued his relationship with his workers and how he took care of them. Of course, the group has also learned about franchising and investment risks. Its not just the expansion that we care for but also what it may do for our company. We are reminded to take care of our product. Company name may be copied over multiplied outlets, but if the product quality and employee morale are not retained, this could destroy a companys reputation and may start its ruins.We cannot say that we hit the hay our company if we dontlove every bit of it. When we love something, we care for its growth, we care for how it is being managed and we consider the hazards it may go through. Life is not a matter of chances, its a matter of choice.

Binge Drinking Among College Students

Joel Castaneda August 3, 2011 HSC 421 Prof. Garrido Binge beverage Among College Students With extreme rates of engorge throwing among young adults, college assimilators conduct to be a primary focus for a range of alcoholic salute taproom efforts. The rates of lug insobriety among college students is nearly double the rates for full(prenominal) school students, which may indicate that the college environment encourages high risk drinkable. Many students view strong imbibition as a rite of passage that everyone mustiness go through in life and be looked at as existence cool. Young adults elder 18-22 enrolled full-time in a college were more likely than their peers not enrolled full time to intent alcohol, drink heavily, and binge drink (Cremeens, 1). Half of these binge drinkers who binge drink do so more than formerly a week. Binge tipsiness on college camp physical exercises has become a recognized activity to do being baffles from either an opposite(prenomina l) college students or friends, followed by harmful effects on a students body even resulting death. Binge tipsiness results from a students submission to peer pressure, the lack of outside restrain over the student, and the denial that potable gaietyctions to severe consequences.Binge tipsiness is defined as five or more drinks in a row for men and four or more drinks in a row for women in about two hours. Many students participate in binge drinking to be socially accepted into a group, but other students find it difficult to crystallise the choice to be the sober. Many binge drinkers realize that there is little immediate outside bewitch to push them by from the alcohol and they ab function their independence (Norman, 2011). to the highest degree binge drinkers do not consider themselves to be occupation drinkers which adds to the difficulty in solving this college epidemic.They associate binge drinking with a good time, but some are blind to the harm it causes, such as failing grades and chance(prenominal) sexual encounters which may lead to sexually transmitted diseases or unplanned pregnancies. Binge drinking has become an accepted part of the college pick up for many students. Although there are other reasons a student may choose to binge drink, the influence of friends, the lack of outside control and the denial of drinking-related lines are the main forces driving the need to consume alcohol to the point of physical harm.The extreme denial that the alcohol can cause severe problems lies at the calm of the college binge drinking crisis. Once students have an established binge drinking habit, they do not compliments to rely that something that helps them forget their responsibilities could be harmful. In many situations, binge drinking goes undetected because people believe if their friends are engaging in the same drinking habits, they must be acceptable. Women who regularly compare their drinking to mens drinking are more likely to unde restimate the severity of their drinking.When young girls start drinking at such an early age, their brain starts developing and it interferes with their brain activation. This can become a problem because it might have negative impacts on concentration and can cause problems when driving, playing sports involving complex moves, using a map or remembering how to get somewhere. Since this has become such a problem on college campuses, many universities have implemented a variety of programs as a means to cast down heavy drinking to try and reduce the misperceptions of college drinking of students.The theory of Planned port is utilized as a framework for predicting binge drinking among young college students. According to the TPB, the cause of this behavior is due to the individuals intention to engage in the behavior which is determined by ternary constructs. First, is the individuals location towards the behavior. Second is the individuals perception of the social pressure from important others to perform or not perform the behavior. Third is the individuals perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior, which is seen to chase the influence of both internal and external control factors (Norman, P. Conner, M. , 26). Constructs that make up the Theory of Planned Behavior are attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and behavior. The Health Belied Model is another theoretical tail for researching binge drinking. This theoretical account is a value-expectancy theory, meaning everyone has the desire to avoid an illness or get intumesce and the belief that a specific behavior willing prevent the illness from occurring.In relation to this study, a parent wants their child to avoid heavy drinking during their college years, and the belief that a parent has some influence on their child behavior to prevent heavy drinking (Cremeens, 3). Constructs that make up the Health judgement Model are per ceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and cues to action. As a model of health behavior, the Transtheoretical Model potentially offers a mechanism to identify and describe processes that are purported to motivate, prepare and assist individuals in realizing behavior change.This model has also had a significant impact on the way the substance use disorders are understood and treated. It has also examined the extent to which the TTM stage paradigm offers an apt description of individuals with substance use problems, and their readiness to change their substance use problems, and their readiness to change their substance user behavior (Migneault, Adams, Read, 438). Constructs that make up the Transtheoretical Model are precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.Using the Transtheoretical Model, heavy drinkers might be asked if they are planning to reduce their drinking to a smaller amount within the n ext six months. Based on their responses they would be assigned to precontemplation, contemplation or preparation stages to see if they do have intent to change their behavior. This model is usually used for behaviors that can be changed in the long run and not immediately. In the other hand the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior is used for shorter amount of time.along with, the Health belief Model is used as a framework to explore parent-child communication patterns among first-year college students as a mean of reducing heavy drinking (Cremeens, 4). Parents try to talk to their children and let them roll in the hay what they might expect in college and be aware of the dangers behind it. For example, reminding them of a family member or a good friend of their dying in a car accident due to drunk driving. This will usually help students realize that driving while under the influence is not a fun thing to do.Compared to the other two models, the Theory of Planned Be havior is the only one that deals with the individuals intention to engage in the behavior. Using the other two, someone else has to influence a person to stymie drinking. The individuals attitude is important, they know that drinking is bad for them so they want to stop drinking and stay sober or at least not drink as more. All three of the models have to do with the attitude being the strongest predictor of binge drinking intentions by not care about what harm they can cause to their bodies when they drink.Lastly, models and theories discuss that excessive drinking for a long plosive of time, causes higher levels of temptation to drink and lower levels of confidence to stop drinking. Binge drinking is common and unreliable but is not a well-organized public health program. There are some recommendations that can be done to try and lower the number the number of young adults that perform this behavior. The U. S. Government can aid programs and policies that work to prevent bi nge drinking. They can also provide states and communities with information and tools to put into practice prevention strategies that work.Along with, they can evaluate programs and policy effectiveness that are already in place and bilk trends in binge drinking. States can review interventions that are known to work to reduce binge drinking adopted by local leaders. The state can also reduce alcohol marketing to the youth. Most importantly, they can grow partnerships between schools, community organizations, law enforcement, and public health agencies to reduce binge drinking. Furthermore, doctors, nurses, and other providers can choose not to binge drink themselves. They can screen patients for binge drinking and use behavioral counseling to reduce problem drinking.Lastly, they can support community efforts to reduce binge drinking by passing out flyers explaining the dangers and results of drinking. All people can choose not to binge drink themselves and help others not to do it . Not drinking and driving and if you plan on drinking germinate a sober designated driver. Choose not to drink if they teens, pregnant, or may become pregnant. Talking with a health care provider about their drinking behavior and requesting counseling if they drink too much can be recommended. Lastly, people can participate in community efforts to prevent underage and binge drinking (CDC, 2010).Deciding what role alcohol will play is a choice that every student must make. Having friends who drink, a lack of control from outside sources and the denial of the consequences of binging are not excuses for drinking excessively. Drinking with friends can seem more tempting than studying, feeling stressed out, bored or lonely, but as many students find out, the consequences are not worth the short-term relief. In reality, the emotional regret of an unplanned sexual encounter or failing grades outweighs any temporary negative feelings.Drinking as a result of any of these causes demonstrate s a weakness in character and the inability to make educated decisions. References Centers for affection Control and Prevention, (2010). Binge drinking what can be done? Atlanta, GA Retrieved from http//www. cdc. gov/vitalsigns/BingeDrinking/WhatCanBeDone. html Cremeens, J. L. , Usdan, S. L. , Brock-Martin, A. , Martin, R. J. , & Watkins, K. (2008). PARENT-CHILD COMMUNICATION TO minify HEAVY ALCOHOL USE AMONG FIRST-YEAR COLLEGE STUDENTS. College Student Journal, 42(1), 152-163. Migneault, J. P. , Adams, T. B. , & Read, J. P. (2005).Application of the transtheoretical model to substance abuse historic development and future directions. Drug and Alcohol Review, inside 10. 1080/09595230500290866 Norman, P. (2011). The theory of planned behavior and binge drinking among undergraduate students Assessing the impact of habit strength. Addictive Behaviors, 36(5), 502-507. doi10. 1016/j. addbeh. 2011. 01. 025 Norman, P. , & Conner, M. (2006). The theory of planned behavior and binge drinki ng assesing the moderating role of past behavior withing the theory of planned behavior. British Journal of Health Psychology, (11), doi 10. 1348/135910705X43741